8 Months in Nairobi

Infrastructure + entrepreneurship = development?

George had a plan when he moved to Nairobi from Western Kenya. He shared a room in Kibera and worked for a year as a construction laborer. Making less than a dollar a day, he saved up enough money to put himself through driving school. He worked as a day laborer for another year until he found a job driving for a NGO. He's now saving money to buy his own vehicle. Once he is driving for himself, he will save money to buy land in Western Kenya. After he's saved a little more money, he will go back to Kisumu and build some houses. He will do the work himself. When the houses are up, George says the rent income will support his retirement.

George is in his late 20s. He knows that this plan will take him many years. It will not make him rich, but it will make him financially independent.

George is one of the most hard-working and determined people I have ever met. He is also deeply optimistic that he will achieve his goals.

Here in Kenya, I've met quite a few people like George. People with plans for how to build modest or great wealth for themselves.

I grew up in Canada. I nursed at the teat of a great social welfare state. I came out of university with a journalism and political science degree that had only reinforced my left-leaning tendencies (no fault of my professors, I studied what I wanted to study). But the longer I spend here, the more I see the power of business. I also see the critical role the government must play in supporting business development without stalling it with too many licensing and registration rules. I am increasingly convinced that infrastructure (and maybe micro-finance, though my internal jury is still out on that one) is key to helping George and other entrepreneurs to improve their lives.

Good roads make it easier for people to move materials to manufacturing centers, then to move finished goods to market. Electricity makes it possible for businesses to open earlier and close later.

The Kenyan Slum Upgrading Program is working slowly to provide some of that much-needed infrastructure in various slum communities around the country. The program is not perfect. The work is slow and sometimes involves displacing people people who live in the slums, but in the end it may help improve the entire economy. If people start their own businesses, they can provide for themselves. They can also hire other people and, eventually, pay taxes that could (minus corruption and mismanagement) be invested in more infrastructure development.

I did a story for marketplace about the potential for business creation in the slums. A business news site with an African focus had this to say about the story.

Someone pointed out to me recently that a more stable domestic economy is another benefit of small business development. Currently Kenya's economy depends greatly on foreign aid money, tourist dollars and internationally-owned agricultural businesses. If the country sees another, more lengthy round of domestic unrest like we had in January, the tourists and the foreign farmers may flee. But Kenyans aren't going anywhere and the money that they make (some politicians and top business people excluded) tends to stay here.

I know it's not quite so simple but for now, my hypothesis is that Infrastructure + Entrepreneurship = Widespread, Stable Domestic Development.

What do you think?

Food for thought

When I first moved to my apartment, the red roadside kiosk up the hill was selling eggs for five shillings a piece.

In late February the price went up to six shillings.

One day mid-March I went to buy some eggs and they cost seven shillings each. I needed more eggs the next day (I guess I eat a lot of eggs?) and the price had gone up to eight.

"What?" I asked my Ethiopian friend who runs the kiosk, "Yesterday the eggs were seven?"

"I know, I know," he said. "Everything is going up. Bread used to be 25 shillings. Now it's 35. Milk is up too. What can I do?"

There are so many factors that are affecting food prices in Kenya right now. Global prices for fuel, fertilizers and seeds are going up. The economy is struggling since the post-election violence. The rainy and dry seasons are no longer predictable, so farmers are unsure when to plant. And many people in rural areas who grew there own food and/or grew food for market are still displaced from their land.

The changes affect everyone... wholesalers, transporters, farmers, vendors and customers.

The government is promising subsidized fertilizer, but it's not clear how many farmers will be able to benefit from the plan in this planting season.

Here's a short report I did for Voice of America that touches on some of the myriad issues.

It's a little frustrating to attempt to sum up such a big, important issue into a little story. Anybody want to pay me to write 2,000 or more words on it?

First person food

With apologies for being so silent of late, here's a link to some recent work.

I promise to get back on the blogging pony soon.

Politics on wheels

If you've been reading 8 Months for a while, you might remember these older posts about the minibuses that provide much of the public transport in Kenya.

Matatus are often decorated with decals of pop stars, sports idols, brand logos and various slogans.

The really suped-up matatus have deluxe vinyl padding on the ceilings, neon lights for nighttime commuters and flat-screen monitors that show the most recent music videos.

You can hear the sound systems of some of the matatus long before they pull over to the side of the road to pick up passengers. I try to avoid those buses. I value my hearing.

Occasionally matatus will be decorated with picture of one or two politicians. But in Mathare this weekend I was on the most political bus I have seen here. It was covered in headshots of only-one-name-needed politicians: Kofi, Hillary, Mandela, Barack.

I couldn't resist taking some pictures for 8 Months. I also couldn't help but wonder how often Barack and Hillary (and Kofi and Mandela, for that matter) are really thinking about the people who travel on that bus.

Speaking of Mungiki

Another Kenyan blogger, Lost White Kenyan Chick, has a good on-the-ground update about the Mungiki situation these days.

Here's a link to her post, and here's an excerpt:

I was talking to someone in the morning who lives in Dandora. Now personally I would have said that Dandora was really one of the better areas of Nairobi in which to live. Rents are far from being the cheapest and it is most definitely not a ‘bad’ area of town with minimal violence, thuggery or anything else going down there – even in the post-election skirmishes - but now it seems Dandora is not the place you wish to be calling “home” anymore.

Now it seems that if you live in Dandora, first of all, you’ll be lucky if you can find transport at all, as all the matatus (or mini buses) that run around the area into and out of town have been warned off the roads, and those that are operating are charging over 150/- (over US$2) per trip, which when most wanainchi make not much over that in a day is not exactly conducive to bother going to work at all. Then she tells me that all the ladies in the area have been given leaflets telling them what to wear.

It must be a skirt and the length must reach below the knee. Penalty for not following the dress code is a humiliating stripping and public beating.

Last night, SMS’s were sent round all over saying that you must leave the city centre by 7.30pm or you shall be killed. Then this morning new SMS’s stated that all those who work in the Industrial Area should not go into work.

It’s all just fear mongering but hey how much is your life worth, and is it worth ignoring these warnings because by doing so ‘Eric Kiraithe’ [the police spokesman] says you’re doing the right thing ??

The public demands from the Mungiki are that they are mourning the death of the wife of their leader (who is currently inside being entertained at the country’s expense), who was shot last week together with her driver, and they believe the police were involved and should be brought to book for it, and that they want some police force group that has been formed to crack down on them all, to be disbanded.

However, the leaflets now circulating on the ground ‘explaining’ this reign of terror go with a slightly different, yet more realistic reasoning, and that is that the ‘Mungiki’ say they have not been paid their ‘protection’ monies from various government ministers for the last few months. They had no part in the general election and therefore gained no rewards from that, and now that the Kikuyu’s have not taken a majority in the parliament and just to prove how powerful they are, they are going to paralyse operations in Kenya just to show that ‘all is not normal’ just because a cabinet has been named and all is ‘apparently well’.

That said, there is a story in the Standard today that the Mungiki have ordered members to stop fighting. The call for ceasefire came after now-Prime Minister Odinga made a public request for the group to stop its protests. Public statements from Mungiki leaders promised to work with Odinga. It's a curious turn of allegiances, since the dominant public perception is that Mungiki is partially aligned with the Kikuyus and the so-called Mt. Kenya Mafia.

But maybe the Mungiki are turning into politicians, shifting allegiances and all. The group has even been holding press conferences over the past week!

"Let them eat cake"

Food has been on my mind a lot lately. Food prices in particular, and food scarcity.

The World Bank, the UN and countless other organizations are attempting to sound the alarm about rising food prices around the globe.

Here in Kenya, the food prices have already risen significantly over the past three months. That inflation is precipitated and exacerbated by domestic politics, climate and many other factors.

An op-ed in Monday's Daily Nation sums it up nicely. Rasna Warah writes:

A researcher at the Institute of Security Studies in South Africa has noted that the impact of the food crisis will be felt most acutely in African countries, where there is already a lot of anger in urban areas around issues such as unemployment and lack of basic services, especially among the poor.

Kenyans are not known to protest over food prices - we tend to take to the streets only to voice our support or opposition to a political party or leader, not because we cannot afford to feed ourselves or our families.

But given our fragile political situation, rising inflation (now at more than 20 per cent), high unemployment, an impending drought and a declining economy, it won't be long before people begin to protest in other ways - through crime, looting and violence.

High food prices can thus lead to other forms of social instability and anarchy. The scenario is too horrific to even imagine.

8 Months is going to be focusing on food for a while. We'll start with Warah's list of contributing factors.

Stay tuned.

Peeling the onion

There is a resolution, in principle, of the question of how to shape the Kenyan cabinet. Other questions remain about how these leaders will work together to run government. If it has taken them six weeks to agree on the cabinet matter...

Despite the weekend announcement of the cabinet decision, there is disturbance around the country today. We woke this morning to phone calls and SMSs about fighting in Nairobi neighbourhoods. Word on the street that the fighting is retaliatory violence following the apparent murder of the wife of the Mungiki leader last week.

Mungiki is tough to define. They're a group with many faces: organized crime, religious sect, Kikuyu-led gang, political agitants for hire. The violence in Kenya that followed the December elections has grown the powerbase of Mungiki. The fighting along tribal lines also stimulated the growth of rival gangs who began by promising protection to members of select tribes.

So although the cabinet question is resolved for now, this morning's violence is a reminder of the multiple layers of Kenyan politics. Here's hoping not every peel of that onion will bring tears.

Two steps forward, too many steps back

It's been a wildly winding road toward the establishment of a functional government in Kenya.

As Kenyans watch the post-election confusion and violence in Zimbabwe, things are not much brighter at home. Although there are agreements in principle on powersharing in Kenya, the actual act of sharing power seems to be difficult.

The sticking point in the current round of difficulties is the size of the shared cabinet and which party will control which portoflios.

As recently as last Friday, there seemed to be an agreement. The cabinet would include 40 seats, 20 for ODM, 20 for PNU. The posts were doled out.

But a meeting on Sunday to finalize the details over five key posts broke down. The questions were over who will run Foreign Affairs, Cabinet Affairs, Local Government, Transport and Energy. The parties did not agree and this week, Kenyans are back to: Cabinet, question mark.

As the leaders retreated from face-to-face talks to memos and envoys, protests in a few isolated parts of Kenya turned violent yesterday. Once again, PNU is pointing to the constitution while ODM is protesting that Kibaki's party must abide by the deal signed a month ago. PNU is threatening to dissolve parliament and call for new elections.

As in February, international figures are making public statements calling for a resolution to the dispute.

The Kenyan shilling is falling against the dollar. In a country where inflation is ongoing, where a cabbage that cost 20 shillings in December is now selling for 60, the political instability is bad news for Kenyans.

If you want to keep track of what kind of agreements have been made, and the reconciliation efforts, here is the site to visit.

8 Months and then some

The mosquitoes woke me up at two and five this morning. Our hot water heater exploded a couple of days ago; I haven’t washed my hair since Monday. The frozen shrimp I bought for dinner last night was slightly off. My dinner guests and I are on the watch for shellfish food poisoning.

My ever-overloaded backpack just exploded all over Yaya Center. The bottle of sunscreen I was carrying popped out, wheeled through the air and left sticky white goo all over me and the counter of the coffee shop where I am sitting. The French ex-pat down the counter from me is drinking his first Tusker of the morning and looking at me like I couldn’t be more crass. 

It’s one of those days. You know the ones… where Murphy’s long arm is meddling in all your business.

And still, somehow, I am laughing. This is what Kenya has done to me. I am just happy here.

Despite political turmoil. Despite not being able to walk safely on the roads at night. Despite being constantly overcharged for fruit and taxi rides. Despite no access to fresh seafood. Despite an ever-expanding network of fine lines, a product of fair skin and the equatorial sun. Despite horrific traffic on bad roads. Despite a steadily shrinking bank balance and no steady income.

I am just happy here.

I came to Kenya seven months ago. Journalists for Human Rights sent me here to “build the capacity” of Kenyan journalists to report on human rights abuses. I had never been to Africa before. I took a leave of absence from a fun job as a news producer and fill-in host for the Maine Public Broadcasting Network.

I expected culture shock. I expected professional frustration. I expected sunburns and a constant feeling of groundlessness.

But this happiness, I didn’t expect it.

This blog is called 8 Months, but I've decided to extend my time here indefinitely. My work for Journalists for Human Rights and the African Woman and Child Feature Service is over. I have no guaranteed income. I am staying anyhow. And not just for the inexplicable happiness.

I am staying for the myriad professional and personal challenges I face here every day.

The art of coalition

We are learning all sorts of things about coalitions and democracy here in Kenya these days.

This weekend's East African had a great interview with the German ambassador to Kenya. Walter Lindner talked about the utility of so-called grand coalitions when major national changes are underway that require broad consensus.

He spoke of Germany's recent experiences with a grand coalition: the hiccups, the tentative cooperation, the pull of party versus broad reform.

One of my favorite quotes was a response to a question about who oversees government when there is no official opposition.

"I guess the press will have to play a crucial role in keeping the government in check. Secondly, public opinion will be very important and things must be done in a way that everybody knows what is going on. But most of all, Kenya needs internal checks and balances within the coalition. This could be done with proper balancing of ministerial posts..."

The paper hasn't yet posted the interview on their website, but here is an editorial that includes some of his comments as well as experiences of some other coalition governments around the world.